This is a narrative review written by three experts in community medicine, disaster medicine and psychiatry reflecting the interdisciplinary approach in managing disasters. Selected important papers, personal published papers, PUBMED articles and media news related to the disaster management of the psychological effects of COVID-19 pandemic were collected over the last year, critically appraised and used in writing this manuscript.
The COVID-19 pandemic causes major emotional distress. Lack of effective treatments and availability of the current vaccines for this virus increases the fear of being infected and infecting others. Negative emotions are common and are related to adjustment but may progress in the long term to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress syndrome. The COVID-19 pandemic has a major impact on mental health. The most common distress reactions include anxiety, insomnia, perception of insecurity, anger, fear of illness, and risky behaviors. Patients having mental disorders are vulnerable during the pandemic because of (1) somatic vulnerability, (2) cognitive and behavioral vulnerability, (3) psychosocial vulnerability, and (4) disruption to psychiatric care. Psychiatric wards, which are commonly separate from main hospitals, should be included in the disaster management plans. Acute care physicians carry the psychological and ethical impact of difficult triage decisions when ending the support of some patients to save others. A combination of fear and guilt may overcome normal human tolerance levels in vulnerable health workers. The moral injuries can be carried for a long time.
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Addressing the psychological effects is an essential component of disaster management of infectious pandemics. This should be implemented through the whole spectrum of disaster management including preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery.
Psychological impact has usually been ignored or has received only limited attention in disaster management plans. This review aims to address the early psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, giving suggestions on how to mitigate these effects on the community, including health care providers, in the current COVID-19 pandemic as an essential component of disaster management.
The difficulties of educating psychiatric patients and making them adopt barrier measures and infectious isolation are particularly challenging. Psychiatric patients should be hospitalized if deemed necessary, for example if there was a risk to their life, or if they lack family support. It is important to note that in many countries psychiatric wards are remote from somatic medicine services and medical resuscitation units both geographically and professionally. This should be modified in disaster management plans.
Furthermore, sufficient resources should be available to support DV victims. Comprehensive DV guidelines that can be used during the response and recovery stages of disasters are already available [71]. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on DV and the methods to address it should be an integral part of disaster management in all its stages, and should be included in future research on the effects of COVID-19 [36].
Addressing psychological effects is an essential component of the disaster management of infectious pandemics. These effects can be serious and can affect healthy subjects, patients, and health care providers. Appropriate measures should be implemented through the whole spectrum of disaster management including the preparedness, mitigation, response, and recovery.
All authors contributed to the idea. MS-H retrieved the literature on the public health and wrote the sections on it. FA-Z retrieved the literature on the economic impact, domestic violence, health care workers, and disaster management and wrote the sections on it. ES retrieved the literature on different aspects of the psychological impact and wrote the sections on it. All authors read and approved the last version of the paper.
This an activity based questions. Kindly do it yourself. But make sure to involve the following points in your survey:Primary information of the school: It should include information such as name and address of the school and Head Master, total number of school staff and name and phone numbers of school management members.
School disaster management committee: Get the information of the members involved in disaster management committee.
Detailed information about school building: Note the number of rooms, classroom, age of the building, types of roofs under this point.
Information about school ground: It should include information like distance of ground from the main road, types of play grounds.
Daily routine of the school: It should include information like working time of the school, lunch break time for the school.
Possible hazards in the school: It should information such as record of past disaster happened in school, current planning for overcoming disasters.
Disaster management map of the school: It should have information regarding all the buildings of the school, entrances and exit gates, place of probable danger, safer place at the time of disaster.
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If you are in Class 9th (CBSE/NCERT), you have to make a project on Disaster Management necessarily. As CBSE has told you to have to submit a handwritten project. Now, you need to know what you should do when you have to make this project. There are different types of disasters (Man-Made Disasters or Natural disasters,). And that is why the Government of India has made it compulsory for every student to make a project on disaster management in Class 9th. By preparing this project file, you learn how you should act in a disaster.
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Question 2.State and explain the types of disasters.Answer:Experts of disaster management have divided the disasters into two categories. They are:1. Natural disasters: A disaster that takes place naturally i.e., due to forces of nature is called a natural disaster. For example, Flood, cyclone, tsunami, drought, earthquake, volcano, forest fire, etc.
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